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voi·là

(vwä-lä′)interj.

voila

(vwaˈla)

voi•là

or voi•la

(vwɑˈlɑ; Fr. vwaˈla)
interj.

voilà

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SeeViola is a of in the violet. It is the largest genus in the family, containing between 525 and 600 species. Most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes.Some Viola species are, some are, and a few are small.

Many species, varieties and are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture the term is normally used for those multi-colored, large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in.

The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species. Opened seed capsule of (field pansy, Melanium), showing the seedsor or (with or without a visible above the ground), or very rarely treelets. In acaulescent the foliage and flowers appear to rise from the ground.

The remainder have short stems with foliage and flowers produced in the axils of the leaves (axillary).Viola typically have heart-shaped or reniform (kidney-shaped), scalloped, though a number have linear or palmate leaves. The simple leaves of plants with either habit are arranged alternately; the acaulescent species produce basal rosettes. Plants always have leaves with stipules that are often leaf-like.The of the vast majority of the species are strongly with and solitary, but occasionally form. The flowers are formed from five; four are upswept or fan-shaped petals with two per side, and there is one, broad, lobed lower petal pointing downward. This petal may be slightly or much shorter than the others and is weakly differentiated. The shape of the petals and placement defines many species, for example, some species have a 'spur' on the end of each petal while most have a spur on the lower petal. The spur may vary from scarcely (projecting) to very long.Solitary flowers end long stalks with a pair of.

The flowers have five that persist after blooming, and in some species the sepals enlarge after blooming. The ranges from white to yellow, orange or various shades of blue and or multicolored, often blue and yellow, with or without a yellow throat.The flowers have five free with short free filaments that are oppressed against the, with a dorsal connective appendage that is large, entire and oblong to ovate. Only the lower two stamens are (possessing spurs that are inserted on the lowest petal into the spur or a pouch). The are (threadlike) or (clubshaped), thickened at their tip, being to (beaked). The are head-like, narrowed or often beaked. The flowers have a superior ovary with one cell, which has three, containing many ovules.After flowering, are produced that are thick walled, with few to many per, and (split open) by way of three valves.

On drying, the capsules may eject seeds with considerable force to distances of several meters. The nutlike seeds, which are obovoid to globose, are typically (with a specialized outgrowth) and have straight, flat, and soft fleshy that is oily. Phytochemistry One characteristic of some Viola is the elusive scent of their flowers; along with, a major component of the scent is a compound called, which temporarily desensitizes the of the nose, thus preventing any further scent being detected from the flower until the nerves recover. Taxonomy.

' original description (1753) History First formally described by in 1753 with 19 species, the genus Viola bears his, L. When established the hierarchical system of families (1789), he placed Viola in the (rock roses), though by 1811 he suggested Viola be separated from these. However, in 1802 had already established a separate family, which he called Violariae based on Viola as the, with seven other genera. Although Violariae continued to be used by some authors, such as in 1862 (as Violarieae), most authors adopted the alternative name Violaceae, first proposed by and in 1805, and (1823) and (1824).

However de Candolle also used Violarieae in his 1824 Prodromus. Phylogeny Viola is one of about 25 genera and about 600 species in the large family family, divided into sufamilies and tribes. While most genera are, Viola is a very large genus, variously circumscribed as having between 500-600 species. Historically it was placed in subfamily Violoideae, tribe Violeae. But these divisions have been shown to be artificial and not.

Studies show that Viola occurs in Clade I of the family, as Viola, and, in which Schweiggeria and Noisettia are monotypic and form a sister group to Viola. Subdivision Viola is a large genus, that has traditionally been treated in. One of these was that of (1823), based on stigma morphology, with five sections ( Nomimium, Dischidium, Chamaemelanium, Melanium, Leptidium).

The extensive taxonomic studies of, culminating in his 1925 conspectus, resulted in 14 sections and many infrasectional groups. The largest and most diverse, being section Viola, with 17 subsections. In addition to subsections, were also described.

Alternatively, some authors have preferred to subdivide the genus into subgenera. Subsequent treatments were by Gershoy (1934) and Clausen (1964), using subsections and series.

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These were all based on morphological characteristics. Subsequent studies using methods, such as that of Ballard et al. (1998) have shown that many of these traditional divisions are not, the problem being related to a high degree of. In particular section Nomimium was dismembered into several new sections and transferring part of it to section Viola.

Section Viola s. Is represented by four sections, Viola s. Str., Plagiostigma s. Str., Nosphinium s.lat. Spathulata group.

In that analysis, the S American sections appear to be the, starting with Rubellium, then Leptidium. However, the exact phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved, as a consequence many different taxonomic nomenclatures are in use, including groupings referred to as. Marcussen et al. Place the five S American sections, Andinium, Leptidium, Tridens, Rubellium and Chilenium at the base of the phylogenetic tree, in that order. These are followed by the single Australian section, Erpetion, as sister group to Chilenium, the northern hemisphere sections and finally the single African section, V. These sections are morphologically, chromosomally, and geographically distinct. Sections Seventeen sections are recognized, listed alphabetically (approximate no.

Species);. Sect. Andinium W.Becker (113) S America.

Sect. Chamaemelanium Ging. (61) N America, northeast Asia (includes Dischidium, Orbiculares). Subsect. Nudicaules. Subsect. Nuttalianae.

Sect. Chilenium W.Becker (8) southern S America. Sect.

Danxiaviola W. Fan (1) China. Sect. Delphiniopsis W.Becker (3) western Eurasia: southern Spain; Balkans. Sect. Erpetion (Banks) W.Becker (11–18) eastern Australia; Tasmania.

Sect. Leptidium Ging. (19) S America. Sect. Melanium Ging.

(125) western Eurasia (pansies). Sect. Nosphinium W.Becker s.lat. (31–50) N, C and northern S America; Beringia; Hawaii. Sect. Abyssinica group) (1–3) Africa: equatorial high mountains.

Sect. Spathulata group) (7–9) western and central Asia: northern Iraq to Mongolia. Sect. Plagiostigma Godr. (120) northern hemisphere (includes Diffusae). Grex Primulifolia. Sect.

Rubellium W.Becker (3–6) S America: Chile. Sect. Sclerosium W.Becker (1–4) northeastern Africa to southwestern Asia. Sect.

Tridens W.Becker (2) southern S America. Sect. ( Rostellatae ) (75) northern hemisphere (violets) (includes Repentes). Subsect. Rostratae Kupffer (W.Becker). Subsect.

Viola ('Rostellatae. Sect. Xylinosium W.Becker (3–4) Mediterranean regionSpecies The genus includes, a group of scentless species which are the most common Viola in many areas, sweet violet ( ) (named from its sweet scent), and many other species whose common name includes the word 'violet'.

But other 'violets': Neither ('African violets', ) nor ('dogtooth violets', ) are related to Viola.List of selected species. Section Chamaemelanium Chamaemelanium was one of a number of sections originally classified on the basis of the shape of the stigma, in this case one that was facial shaped, had an absent beak and had lateral beards. But this section has subsequently been shown to be paraphyletic, requiring revision. It occurs at high altitudes (above 600 m) in both N America and northeast Asia, including Siberia and Korea, and the species are perennial, caulous and herbaceous. With about 61 species including;. yellow wood violet, twoflower violet. stream violet.

yellow pansy. canary violet. downy yellow violet. Viola cultivar showing the large round flowers and the novel coloration that has been achieved through breeding.Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture the term is normally used for those multi-colored, large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in. The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species.Cultivars of, and, are commonly grown from seed.

Other species often grown include, and.The modern garden ( V. × wittrockiana) is a plant of complex hybrid origin involving at least three species, (wild pansy or heartsease), and (mountain pansy).

The hybrid horned pansy ( V. × williamsii) originates from hybridization involving.

Bedding plants In 2005 in the United States, Viola cultivars (including pansies) were one of the top three plant crops and 111 million dollars worth of flats of Viola were produced for the bedding flower market. Pansies and violas used for bedding are generally raised from seed, and seed strains have been developed which produce compact plants of reasonably consistent flower coloring and appearance.

Bedding plants are usually discarded after one growing season. Perennial cultivars. Selection of cultivated violas at the show, in June 2011.There are hundreds of perennial viola and violetta cultivars; many of these do not breed true from seed and therefore have to be from cuttings. Violettas can be distinguished from violas by the lack of ray markings on their petals. The following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the 's;. 'Aspasia'. 'Clementina'.

'Huntercombe Purple'. 'Little David' (Vtta). 'Moonlight'. 'Nellie Britton'Other popular examples include.