Recent Examples on the Web The virus Chan selected latches on to what is known as an efflux pump on the bacterial cell wall.—Zwicker discovered that this chemical influx and efflux will exactly counterbalance each other when an active droplet reaches a certain volume, causing the droplet to stop growing.—These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'efflux.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors.

Auxin concentration gradients are informative for the transduction of many developmental cues, triggering downstream gene expression and other responses. The generation of auxin gradients depends significantly on cell-to-cell auxin transport, which is supported by the activities of auxin efflux and influx carriers. However, at the level of individual plant cell, the co-ordination of auxin efflux and influx largely remains uncharacterized. We addressed this issue by analyzing the contribution of canonical PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to the carrier-mediated auxin efflux in Nicotiana tabacum L., cv.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that cholesterol efflux is differentially regulated in neurons and astrocytes. While ABCA1 and, likely, ABCG1 play an important role in cholesterol efflux from glial cells, the mechanism by which lipoproteins induce cholesterol efflux from neurons is not fully elucidated, though ABCG4 may play a role.

Bright Yellow (BY-2) tobacco cells. We show here that a majority of canonical NtPINs are transcribed in cultured cells and in planta. Cloning of NtPIN genes and their inducible overexpression in tobacco cells uncovered high auxin efflux activity of NtPIN11, accompanied by auxin starvation symptoms. Auxin transport parameters after NtPIN11 overexpression were further assessed using radiolabelled auxin accumulation and mathematical modelling.

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Unexpectedly, these experiments showed notable stimulation of auxin influx, which was accompanied by enhanced transcript levels of genes for a specific auxin influx carrier and by decreased transcript levels of other genes for auxin efflux carriers. A similar transcriptional response was observed upon removal of auxin from the culture medium, which resulted in decreased auxin efflux. Overall, our results revealed an auxin transport-based homeostatic mechanism for the maintenance of endogenous auxin levels. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at 2019 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.